Introduction of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) in Indonesia: Institutional development in action for resources management

The inability to properly maintain irrigation systems over time forced the Government of Indonesia (GOI) to seek cost recovery from water users through introduction of an irrigation service fee. The plan is to introduce this fee in all of the technical irrigation systems of Indonesia, covering about 4 million hectares, over a 12 year period. Design and Introduction of this service fee in 4 pilot areas of the 4 major rice producing provinces (West, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi) during 1989–1991 has shown that users are willing to pay. Results of first ISF collection from over 11,000 farmers in Central and East Java in pilot systems was an encouraging 95%. However that acceptance to pay by users depends on their structured and systematic involvement in defining systems needs. They need to understand a differentiation in payment if service levels are different. They appreciate use of collected funds in the system where collected. They understand the organization of water users associations but this requires their active role in fee determination and collection. They understand the establishment of federations of these associations. ISF requires also active involvement of Local Government officials as facilitators and intermediaries between service receivers (the water users) and service providers (personnel of the Public Works irrigation department) in the introduction period. This article describes the experience of the first 21 months of the ISF project, the concept developed, the principles used as basis for ISF, the introduction at the field level, issues related to acceptance by users and by the institutions involved, and the first results.Abbreviations/Acronyms DGWRD Directorate General of Water Resources Development (Ministry of Public Works) - EOM Efficient Operation and Maintenance - Gabungan group of WUAs - IPAIR Indonesian abbreviation for ISF - ISF Irrigation Service Fee - Juru gate keeper - PBB land tax on irrigated lands - PPL agricultural field extension agent - P3A Indonesian abbreviation for Water Users Associations - PU Indonesian abbreviation for Public Works - SM Special Maintenance - WUA Water Users Associations     

叶用型沙棘育种研究--“蒙×中”沙棘F1代雄株变异特性与选优标准的研究

通过对蒙古沙棘亚种优良品种与中国沙棘亚种优良类型F1代雄株的变异特性分析,建立了选择优 良单株的标准,为叶用型沙棘选择育种提供了科学依据。     

宁夏荒漠草原不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原不同土地利用方式(耕地、弃耕地、草地和柠条地)的土壤为研究对象,测定了不同土层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量,分析了土壤活性有机碳占有机碳的比例,以期探寻不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤总有机碳含量范围在1.78~6.17 g·kg^-1,具体表现为弃耕地>柠条地>草地>耕地。表层(0~5 cm)土壤有机碳含量显著高于深层(10~60 cm),说明荒漠草原土壤有机碳主要富集在表层;4种土地利用方式土壤易氧化有机碳含量为0.57~1.38 mg·g^-1,变化趋势具体表现为柠条地>草地>耕地>弃耕地,且柠条地在每个土层都高于其它3种土地利用方式;土壤可溶性有机碳含量范围为6.8~11.1 mg·kg^-1,变化趋势表现为草地>耕地>柠条地>弃耕地。土壤易氧化有机碳含量占有机碳的比例范围为13.7%~43.1%,大小排序为柠条地>耕地>草地>弃耕地;土壤可溶性有机碳含量占有机碳的比例范围为0.11%~0.48%,比例大小为耕地>草地>柠条地>弃耕地,耕地和草地中土壤可溶性有机碳含量占有机碳比例随着土壤深度的增加而减小,这与有机碳在耕地和草地中变化趋势一致。土地利用变化可以显著影响土壤活性有机碳的含量与分布,能够敏感的反映土壤碳库的变化,可以作为评价宁夏荒漠草原土壤质量和肥力的指标之一。     

园林植物土壤酶活性和微生物活性对盐碱胁迫的响应

以园林植物石楠为试材,通过混合2种中性盐(NaCl和Na2SO4)和2种碱性盐(NaHCO3和Na2CO3)分别模拟不同强度的盐、碱胁迫条件,对园林植物(石楠)进行3年(2015—2017年)的胁迫处理,以期探讨盐碱胁迫对园林植物土壤酶活性和微生物的影响。结果表明:1)土壤中有机酸含量随着盐碱浓度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势。随胁迫强度增加,盐、碱胁迫均使土壤中Na⁺浓度大幅度上升,K⁺浓度大幅度下降,但碱胁迫下Na⁺浓度上升幅度和K⁺浓度下降幅度均大于盐胁迫。2)随着盐碱浓度的增加,土壤中氨基酸类、碳水化合物类、羧酸类、聚合物类、胺类、酚酸类碳源呈逐渐降低趋势,总体而言,碳水化合物和羧酸类碳源是盐碱胁迫下园林植物土壤微生物的主要碳源,其次为氨基酸类、酚酸类和聚合物类,胺类碳源的利用率最小。3)土壤微生物物种丰富度指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S)、土壤微生物量碳、微生物呼吸和微生物代谢熵随盐碱浓度的增加而增加。4)土壤糖苷酶、几丁质酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、酚氧化酶δ和过氧化物酶δ随盐碱浓度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势。5)交互作用分析显示,盐胁迫、碱胁迫、盐胁迫×碱胁迫对有机酸、Na⁺、K⁺、Na⁺/K⁺、物种丰富度指数(H)、碳源利用丰富度指数(S)、土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物呼吸、土壤微生物代谢熵、糖苷酶和碱性磷酸酶具有显著的影响(P<0.05),其中碱胁迫对土壤酶活性和微生物群落多样性的影响高于盐胁迫,并且盐胁迫×碱胁迫的影响高于单独盐胁迫或碱胁迫.     

4种微生物菌剂对多年连作甜瓜土壤真菌群落的影响

为了探究微生物菌剂对土壤真菌群落及成员的影响,利用4种微生物菌剂(A.谷乐丰聚谷氨酸微生物菌剂,B.启高系列生物菌剂,C.施特葆系列菌剂,D.新型菌剂NBmelon)对土壤进行处理,样品经DNA抽提、PCR扩增和真菌ITS测序,进行分析制图。结果显示,处理B和A的Shannon指数、Simpson指数高于CK,处理D、C的Simpson指数高于CK,表明菌剂处理后,土壤真菌群落均匀度得到提高,真菌多样性优于CK。优势种群相对丰度在不同处理间存在差异,处理A、B、D与CK相比分布在不同象限,且图中距离较远,表明菌剂处理后土壤样品的物种构成发生了变化。处理D(新型菌剂NBmelon)具有降低镰刀菌属相对丰度的效果,能减少镰刀菌属群落数量,可供后续开发利用。因此,施用微生物菌剂具有改变土壤真菌群落结构、提高土壤真菌多样性、降低有害菌镰刀菌属相对丰度、改良土壤的作用。     

城市居民社区工作服务需求及其模式探索——以广州为例

随着经济社会的快速发展，以民生为重点的政府购买社会工作服务也已经引起地方政府的高度关注。由于社区居民需要的服务均有不同的特点，因此，社区社会工作服务必须具有适时性、针对性、有序性和有效性，从而不断满足社区居民各方面的需求。试图以广州为例，探索一条与经济社会发展相适应的新型城市社区工作模式，即立足街道综合服务中心，依托社区服务组织，辐射居民家庭，具有地方特色的社区服务模式。     

Multiple watershed alterations influence fish community structure in Great Plains prairie streams

Stream fish distributions are commonly linked to environmental disturbances affecting terrestrial landscapes. In Great Plains prairie streams, the independent and interactive effects of watershed impoundments and land cover changes remain poorly understood despite their prevalence and assumed contribution to declining stream fish diversity. We used structural equation models and fish community samples from third‐order streams in the Kansas River and Arkansas River basins of Kansas, USA to test the simultaneous effects of geographic location, terrestrial landscape alteration, watershed impoundments and local habitat on species richness for stream‐associated and impoundment‐associated habitat guilds. Watershed impoundment density increased from west to east in both basins, while per cent altered terrestrial landscape (urbanisation + row‐crop agriculture) averaged ~50% in the west, declined throughout the Flint Hills ecoregion and increased (Kansas River basin ~80%) or decreased (Arkansas River basin ~30%) to the east. Geographic location had the strongest effect on richness for both guilds across basins, supporting known zoogeography patterns. In addition to location, impoundment species richness was positively correlated with local habitat in both basins; whereas stream‐species richness was negatively correlated with landscape alterations (Kansas River basin) or landscape alterations and watershed impoundments (Arkansas River basin). These findings suggest that convergences in the relative proportions of impoundment and stream species (i.e., community structure) in the eastern extent of both basins are related to positive effects of increased habitat opportunities for impoundment species and negative effects caused by landscape alterations (Kansas River basin) or landscape alterations plus watershed impoundments (Arkansas River basin) for stream species.     

Kruppel样因子15对脂肪沉积和肌纤维类型的影响及其可能机制

Kruppel样因子15(KLF15)是一种新发现的Kruppel样因子家族(KLFs)成员,为一种真核锌指蛋白转录因子。KLF15在动物体内呈现多组织表达特性,该基因过表达能促进动物脂肪沉积,且能影响肉质性状候选基因和Ⅰ型肌纤维基因的表达。因此,深入研究KLF15对脂肪沉积和肌纤维类型的影响及其可能机制,将为改善动物肉品质提供新的思路。本文综述了KLF15的发现、结构特征、表达规律及其与脂肪沉积和Ⅰ型肌纤维之间的关系。     

青岛市新型农村社区建设的成效、问题与对策

以青岛市新型农村社区建设为试点,探索了多种类型的建设模式,总结了新型农村社区建设中存在的主要问题,并提出了改进对策。     

云栖竹径公园空气负离子生态效益评价

以杭州市云栖竹径公园典型植物群落毛竹纯林、常绿阔叶林及毛竹、枫香混交林为研究对象,研究3种不同植物群落空气负离子变化及其与气象因子之间的关系。研究结果表明,不同植物群落空气负离子浓度大小排序为毛竹林>毛竹+枫香混交林>常绿阔叶林,毛竹纯林具有更加强的环境气候调节效应,在改善城市气候方面发挥着重要的作用。